{"id":4719,"date":"2024-08-16T11:02:49","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T09:02:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.martinvodvarka.cz\/?p=4719"},"modified":"2024-08-16T11:02:49","modified_gmt":"2024-08-16T09:02:49","slug":"fascinujici-historie-svicek-2-cast-stredovek-a-renesance-vzestup-vceliho-vosku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.martinvodvarka.cz\/de\/fascinujici-historie-svicek-2-cast-stredovek-a-renesance-vzestup-vceliho-vosku\/","title":{"rendered":"Fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed historie sv\u00ed\u010dek: 2. \u010d\u00e1st \u2013 st\u0159edov\u011bk a renesance: vzestup v\u010del\u00edho vosku"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rie o historii sv\u00ed\u010dek se nyn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na obdob\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bku a renesance, kdy do\u0161lo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu rozvoji v\u00fdroby a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dek, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch ze v\u010del\u00edho vosku. Tento p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed materi\u00e1l se stal cen\u011bnou surovinou, kter\u00e1 nejen\u017ee poskytovala \u010dist\u0161\u00ed a stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btlo, ale m\u011bla i d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n

Sv\u00ed\u010dky ve st\u0159edov\u011bku \u2013 od loje k v\u010del\u00edmu vosku<\/h2>\n

Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku byly sv\u00ed\u010dky b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u017eivota, i kdy\u017e jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed bylo zpo\u010d\u00e1tku omezeno na kl\u00e1\u0161tery, kostely a domy bohat\u00fdch. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky byly vyr\u00e1b\u011bny z loje, co\u017e je \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fd tuk, kter\u00fd se snadno z\u00edsk\u00e1val, ale p\u0159i ho\u0159en\u00ed vyd\u00e1val nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd z\u00e1pach a kou\u0159. Lojov\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky byly sice levn\u00e9, ale jejich kvalita byla n\u00edzk\u00e1, co\u017e vedlo k hled\u00e1n\u00ed lep\u0161\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f.\u00a0V\u010del\u00ed vosk, kter\u00fd byl \u010dist\u0161\u00ed a ho\u0159el d\u00e9le a jasn\u011bji ne\u017e l\u016fj, se stal vysoce cen\u011bnou alternativou. Byl v\u0161ak dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e znamenalo, \u017ee voskov\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky byly vyhrazeny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro bohoslu\u017eby a jin\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti. V\u010del\u00ed vosk m\u011bl tak\u00e9 hlubok\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, proto\u017ee byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za symbol \u010distoty a sv\u011btla, co\u017e vedlo k jeho \u0161irok\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v katedr\u00e1l\u00e1ch a kl\u00e1\u0161terech po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba sv\u00ed\u010dek v kl\u00e1\u0161terech a dom\u00e1cnostech<\/h2>\n

Sv\u00ed\u010dky ze v\u010del\u00edho vosku byly \u010dasto vyr\u00e1b\u011bny v kl\u00e1\u0161terech, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly vlastn\u00ed v\u010del\u00edny. Kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed v\u010dela\u0159i sb\u00edrali vosk, kter\u00fd byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn a tvarov\u00e1n do sv\u00ed\u010dek. Tento proces zahrnoval opakovan\u00e9 roztaven\u00ed a filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed vosku, aby se odstranily v\u0161echny ne\u010distoty. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky byly nejen zdrojem sv\u011btla, ale tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f.\u00a0V dom\u00e1cnostech bohat\u0161\u00edch vrstev bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dek z v\u010del\u00edho vosku zn\u00e1mkou presti\u017ee. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdroba sv\u00ed\u010dek se v\u0161ak st\u00e1vala \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed i mezi m\u011b\u0161\u0165any, kte\u0159\u00ed si za\u010dali uv\u011bdomovat v\u00fdhody kvalitn\u00edho vosku. Sv\u00ed\u010dky byly tvarov\u00e1ny do r\u016fzn\u00fdch forem a \u010dasto zdobeny, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edvalo k jejich estetick\u00e9 hodnot\u011b.<\/p>\n

Sv\u00ed\u010dky v renesan\u010dn\u00ed Evrop\u011b<\/h2>\n

B\u011bhem renesance se v\u00fdroba a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dek d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjelo, zejm\u00e9na s rozvojem obchodu a dostupnost\u00ed v\u010del\u00edho vosku. Renesan\u010dn\u00ed doba, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 svou l\u00e1skou k um\u011bn\u00ed a kultu\u0159e, p\u0159inesla i nov\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby v\u00fdroby sv\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00e9 byly \u010dasto zdoben\u00e9 a vysoce estetick\u00e9. Voskov\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny nejen p\u0159i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ob\u0159adech, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159i spole\u010densk\u00fdch setk\u00e1n\u00edch a slavnostech.\u00a0V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se tak\u00e9 za\u010daly rozv\u00edjet cechy sv\u00ed\u010dka\u0159\u016f, kter\u00e9 regulovaly v\u00fdrobu a prodej sv\u00ed\u010dek. Cechy dbaly na kvalitu vosku a na dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch postup\u016f, co\u017e zajistilo vysokou \u00farove\u0148 \u0159emesln\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Sv\u00ed\u010dky se staly symbolem kultivovanosti a luxusu, co\u017e vedlo k jejich \u0161irok\u00e9mu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mezi bohat\u0161\u00ed vrstvy spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Sv\u00ed\u010dky mimo Evropu<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Zat\u00edmco v Evrop\u011b se st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 a renesan\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dka\u0159stv\u00ed soust\u0159edilo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na v\u010del\u00ed vosk, v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta se pou\u017e\u00edvaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a techniky. V Asii, zejm\u00e9na v \u010c\u00edn\u011b a Japonsku, se sv\u00ed\u010dky vyr\u00e1b\u011bly z vosku z hmyzu, jako jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy brouk\u016f, a z rostlinn\u00fdch olej\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad z vosku z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00e9ho z bobul\u00ed stromu sumachu. Tyto sv\u00ed\u010dky m\u011bly sv\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 vlastnosti, jako je jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00ed plamen, a byly \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lech a dom\u00e1cnostech.<\/p>\n

V Indii se sv\u00ed\u010dky vyr\u00e1b\u011bly z rostlinn\u00fdch olej\u016f, jako je kokosov\u00fd a sezamov\u00fd olej, kter\u00e9 byly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b hojn\u011b dostupn\u00e9. Tyto oleje se pou\u017e\u00edvaly nejen k v\u00fdrob\u011b sv\u00ed\u010dek, ale tak\u00e9 k osv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch olejov\u00fdch lamp, kter\u00e9 byly \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny. V Africe se sv\u00ed\u010dky vyr\u00e1b\u011bly z tuk\u016f zv\u00ed\u0159at, jako jsou ovce a kozy, podobn\u011b jako v Evrop\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 z rostlinn\u00fdch tuk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly dostupn\u00e9 v dan\u00e9m regionu.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmavosti o st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch a renesan\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n

Jednou z fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch skute\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee v\u00fdroba svj\u00ed\u010dek byla \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za tajemstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ed\u00e1valo pouze mezi \u010dleny cech\u016f. Cechy sv\u00ed\u010dka\u0159\u016f, kter\u00e9 se formovaly zejm\u00e9na v renesan\u010dn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, dbaly na p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edch postup\u016f a kvalitu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho vosku. Vosk byl tak cenn\u00fd, \u017ee jeho kr\u00e1de\u017e byla p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b trest\u00e1na, a \u0159emesln\u00edci pracuj\u00edc\u00ed s voskem byli velmi v\u00e1\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 katedr\u00e1ly a kostely m\u011bly vlastn\u00ed v\u010del\u00edny, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly st\u00e1l\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsun vosku pro v\u00fdrobu sv\u00ed\u010dek. Tyto sv\u00ed\u010dky osv\u011btlovaly bohoslu\u017eby, proces\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed ob\u0159ady. V\u010dely byly \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za posv\u00e1tn\u00e9, proto\u017ee produkovaly vosk, kter\u00fd byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n p\u0159i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ob\u0159adech. Tento vosk byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za symbol \u010distoty a bo\u017esk\u00e9ho sv\u011btla.\u00a0V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byly sv\u00ed\u010dky tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k ochran\u011b p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi duchy a temn\u00fdmi silami.<\/p>\n

Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b se sv\u00ed\u010dky tak\u00e9 staly d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm obchodn\u00edm artiklem. M\u011bsta s rozvinut\u00fdm sv\u00ed\u010dka\u0159sk\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e, byly zn\u00e1m\u00e9 svou produkc\u00ed vysoce kvalitn\u00edch voskov\u00fdch sv\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00e9 byly exportov\u00e1ny do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Evropy. Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky byly tak cen\u011bn\u00e9, \u017ee \u201eparaffin\u201c (paraf\u00edn) je odvozen od slova \u201eparum affinis\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201em\u00e1lo spojen\u00fd“, odkazuj\u00edc na \u010distotu materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Sv\u00ed\u010dky b\u00fdvaly tak\u00e9 \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u201ehodinov\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky\u201c m\u011bly zna\u010dky, kter\u00e9 ukazovaly \u010das podle toho, jak sv\u00ed\u010dka ho\u0159ela. Tento zp\u016fsob m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu byl vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v kl\u00e1\u0161terech, kde mnichov\u00e9 sledovali \u010das k modlitb\u00e1m a dal\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm povinnostem.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

St\u0159edov\u011bk a renesance p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou kapitolu v historii sv\u00ed\u010dek, kdy v\u010del\u00ed vosk z\u00edskal na v\u00fdznamu jako kvalitn\u00ed a symbolick\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Sv\u00ed\u010dky ze v\u010del\u00edho vosku se staly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho a spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u017eivota a jejich v\u00fdroba se rozv\u00edjela v kl\u00e1\u0161terech, dom\u00e1cnostech i \u0159emesln\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch. Tento v\u00fdvoj polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady pro dal\u0161\u00ed rozkv\u011bt sv\u00ed\u010dka\u0159stv\u00ed v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch stalet\u00edch, co\u017e bude t\u00e9matem dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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\n 5\/5 - (1 vote) <\/div>\n <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rie o historii sv\u00ed\u010dek se nyn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na obdob\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bku a renesance, kdy do\u0161lo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu rozvoji v\u00fdroby a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dek, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch ze v\u010del\u00edho vosku. Tento p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed materi\u00e1l se stal cen\u011bnou surovinou, kter\u00e1 nejen\u017ee poskytovala \u010dist\u0161\u00ed a stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btlo, ale m\u011bla i d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Sv\u00ed\u010dky ve st\u0159edov\u011bku \u2013 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4720,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nFascinuj\u00edc\u00ed historie sv\u00ed\u010dek: 2. \u010d\u00e1st \u2013 st\u0159edov\u011bk a renesance: vzestup v\u010del\u00edho vosku - Martin Vodv\u00e1\u0159ka<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.martinvodvarka.cz\/de\/fascinujici-historie-svicek-2-cast-stredovek-a-renesance-vzestup-vceliho-vosku\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed historie sv\u00ed\u010dek: 2. \u010d\u00e1st \u2013 st\u0159edov\u011bk a renesance: vzestup v\u010del\u00edho vosku - Martin Vodv\u00e1\u0159ka\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rie o historii sv\u00ed\u010dek se nyn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na obdob\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bku a renesance, kdy do\u0161lo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu rozvoji v\u00fdroby a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dek, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch ze v\u010del\u00edho vosku. 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